Pyridine, 4-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-

(1,1 -Dimethyl ethyl) radical, tert-butyl radical, has unique chemical properties.
tert-butyl radical has high stability. Structurally, the three methyl groups it is connected to have a superconjugation effect on the single electron on the central carbon atom, which enables the single electron to delocalize, thereby dispersing the energy of the system, which is an important reason for its relatively high stability. For example, in some radical reactions, tert-butyl radicals are easier to generate and less prone to further reactions than other simple alkyl radicals.
In chemical reactions, tert-butyl radicals can participate in various types of reactions. It can undergo substitution reactions. For example, under appropriate conditions, tert-butyl radicals can be substituted with halogen atoms in halogenated hydrocarbons to form new organic compounds. At the same time, it can also participate in addition reactions. When there are suitable unsaturated bonds in the system, such as carbon-carbon double bonds and carbon-carbon triple bonds, tert-butyl radicals can be added to these unsaturated bonds, and then more complex organic molecular structures can be constructed. In addition, tert-butyl radicals can also participate in radical chain reactions as initiators, initiating reactions under light or heating conditions to promote the reaction to continue. Its stability allows it to exist relatively stably in the radical reaction system for a period of time, providing a continuous active species for the reaction, thereby affecting the reaction process and product distribution.

In many common chemical reactions, the (1,1-dimethylethyl) group, also known as tert-butyl, is used in specific reactions due to its unique structure and electronic effects.
In nucleophilic substitution reactions, the carbon atom attached to the tert-butyl group is a tertiary carbon atom, which has a large steric barrier. For example, in the SN1 reaction, tert-butyl halide tends to proceed according to the SN1 mechanism. Because the tertiary carbon cations are relatively stable, the tert-butyl carbon cations generated after the halogen atoms leave can attract the attack of nucleophiles, and then complete the substitution reaction. However, in the SN2 reaction, due to the huge steric resistance of tert-butyl, it is difficult for nucleophiles to attack the central carbon atom from the back, so it is not conducive to the occurrence of SN2 reaction.
In terms of elimination reaction, taking the elimination of halogenated hydrocarbons as an example, when halogenated atoms are attached to carbon atoms containing tert-butyl, they tend to follow the E1 elimination mechanism. Because the formed tert-butyl carbon positive ion is stable, after the halogenated atom leaves, the hydrogen atoms on the adjacent carbon atoms tend to leave in the form of protons, and at the same time form carbon-carbon double bonds. For example, tert-butyl alcohol and concentrated sulfuric acid co-heat to eliminate the reaction to form isobu
In organic synthesis, tert-butyl is often used as a protective group. For example, in the protection of phenolic hydroxyl groups, tert-butyl chloride is used to react with phenol under basic conditions to form tert-butyl phenol ether to protect phenolic hydroxyl groups. After the subsequent reaction is completed, the tert-butyl group is removed under suitable conditions and the phenolic hydroxyl group is restored. This is because after the introduction of tert-butyl, the reactivity of the phenolic hydroxyl group is inhibited to avoid unnecessary reactions in other reaction steps.

(One, one-dimethylaminoethyl) amine, also known as N-methyldiethylamine, is an organic compound. Its physical properties are as follows:
Under normal temperature and pressure, (one, one-dimethylaminoethyl) amine is colorless to light yellow liquid, its shape is like water, but it is not pure and transparent, slightly colored, and uniform in texture, without obvious impurities.
Smell, has a strong and pungent smell, this smell is very special, like ammonia smell mixed with organic amine smell, slightly diffused in the air, smelling is uncomfortable, if inhaled too much, it may cause respiratory irritation. < Br >
Measure its boiling point, which is between 100 and 110 degrees Celsius, indicating that under atmospheric pressure, when the temperature reaches this range, the substance is converted from liquid to gaseous. The melting point is about -70 degrees Celsius, which means that the temperature drops below this point, and the substance will solidify from liquid to solid.
When it comes to solubility, it can be miscible with water, just like sugar into water, it can be uniformly mixed with water, and it also shows good solubility in common organic solvents such as ethanol and ether. This is due to the characteristics of functional groups contained in its molecular structure, which makes it hydrophilic and organic solvent-friendly. < Br >
Its density is slightly higher than that of water, and when it is placed in the same container as water, it can be seen that it sinks to the bottom of the water. This characteristic is due to the intermolecular forces and the mass distribution of the constituent atoms.
In addition, (one, one-dimethylaminoethyl) amine is volatile to a certain extent, and in an open environment, it will gradually evaporate into the air, causing its concentration in the air to increase. Therefore, it needs to be properly sealed when stored to prevent volatilization loss and environmental hazards.

In order to prepare (1,1-dimethylethyl), the following method can be used.
First, the reaction of tert-butanol is reversed. Tert-butanol under the appropriate conditions, such as acid, bromic acid, etc., meet, and the alkyl group is replaced by the alkyl atom to form a phase of tert-butane. This tert-butane can be synthesized in one step, and it can be a derivative of the alkyl (1,1-dimethylethyl) phase. For example, tert-butanol acid is catalyzed by chlorination, and the alkyl group is easily substituted and reversed to form chlorinated tert-butane. The reverse reason is that the alkyl group is first substituted, so that the carbon and oxygen are easily cracked, and the chlorine substitutes attack the central carbon atom to complete the substitution.
Second, the Grignard method can be used. Using butene as the starting material, the first addition is added to obtain the next phase of butane. This next generation of butane is dissolved in ethers such as water ethyl ether, and gold is used to form Grignard. Grignard is reactive and can be used for the reaction of compounds containing more carbonyl groups. If the Grignard formaldehyde is reversed and hydrolyzed, the alcohol compound of (1,1-dimethylethyl) can also be prepared, and then the elimination and oxidation can be eliminated.
Third, the alkylation reaction is also a method. With butane as the substrate, under the appropriate catalytic and reverse components, the alkylation of methane is reversed. If there is a Lewis acid catalyst, butane and chloromethane are reversed, and the carbon atom on the tertiary carbon atom of butane is replaced by methyl to form a compound of (1,1-dimethylethyl) phase. This reaction requires the control of the reaction components, such as the degree of resistance, the amount of catalysis, etc., to improve the yield of the target material.

(1,1 -Dimethyl ethyl) group, tert-butyl, is widely used in industry.
In the field of organic synthesis, tert-butyl is often used as a protective group. For example, in the synthesis of phenolic compounds, in order to avoid the unprovoked participation of phenolic hydroxyl groups in the reaction process, tert-butyl can be used to protect them. Through specific reaction conditions, tert-butyl is introduced into the phenolic hydroxyl group, and after other reaction steps are completed, the tert-butyl is removed by a suitable method, which can ensure the integrity of the phenolic hydroxyl group in complex reactions and greatly improve the accuracy and efficiency of the synthesis reaction.
In the polymer materials industry, monomers containing tert-butyl can participate in the polymerization reaction, giving the polymer unique properties. For example, tert-butyl styrene, after polymerization, allows polymers to have excellent thermal and chemical stability. This property allows related polymer materials to maintain good performance in harsh environments such as high temperature and chemical corrosion, and is widely used in aerospace, automobile manufacturing and other fields that require extremely high material properties.
Furthermore, tert-butyl also plays an important role in the petrochemical industry. It can be used as a gasoline additive to increase the octane number of gasoline. Tert-butyl ethers, such as methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE), can effectively prevent engine knock, optimize the combustion process, improve fuel economy, and reduce exhaust pollutant emissions due to their high octane number and low vapor pressure.
In addition, in the production of fine chemical products, tert-butyl is used to prepare various fragrances, pharmaceutical intermediates, etc. In fragrance synthesis, the introduction of tert-butyl can adjust the spatial structure and volatility of fragrance molecules, and change the aroma characteristics; in the synthesis of pharmaceutical intermediates, tert-butyl helps to build a specific drug molecular skeleton, laying the foundation for subsequent drug research and development.