Pyridine,3-hydrazino-, dihydrochloride

Boron and its binary anhydride, namely diboron trioxide ($B_ {2} O_ {3} $), are not specifically described in Tiangong Kaiwu, but in ancient Chinese, their chemical properties have many things to describe.
Boron is active and often exists in the world as a compound. Its elemental substance has a certain hardness and melting point, and it is active at high temperatures. It can combine with many non-metallic elements, just like co-combustion with oxygen, to form boron oxide.
As for boron trioxide, this is an important acid anhydride of boron. It is a colorless glass-like solid, hygroscopic, and easily absorbs water to form boric acid. According to its chemical properties, it can react with alkali to form borate, which is a characteristic of typical acidic oxides. If mixed with sodium hydroxide solution, sodium borate and water will be produced. The reaction formula is: $B_ {2} O_ {3} + 2NaOH = 2NaBO_ {2} + H_ {2} O $.
Furthermore, diboron trioxide can interact with metal oxides at high temperatures to form borate glass with special properties. This property makes it widely used in metallurgy, ceramics and other processes, which can help adjust the melting point, viscosity and chemical stability of materials.
In addition, diboron trioxide is also useful in the field of organic synthesis. It can be used as a catalyst to accelerate the process of specific organic reactions, because it can change the activation energy of chemical reactions, making reactions more likely to occur.
Diboron trioxide has the common properties of acidic oxides, and has unique chemical properties in high temperature reactions and organic synthesis. It plays an indispensable role in many fields. Although it is not detailed in "Tiangong Kaiji", its importance in chemical industry cannot be underestimated.

Borax is one of the traditional Chinese medicines. Its taste is sweet, salty, and cold in nature. It belongs to the lungs and stomach meridians. Borax has a wide range of medicinal uses and can play a role in many diseases.
One is that it can be used to clear away heat and reduce phlegm. If people feel the evil of wind and heat, the lungs lose their ability to reduce, and the cough phlegm is yellow and viscous. Borax can clear away heat and reduce fire, help the lungs to spread and reduce, and clear the sputum. The "Compendium of Materia Medica" also states that it can treat "charred phlegm heat". In clinical application, it is often combined with other drugs to clear away heat and reduce phlegm.
Second, borax has the effect of detoxifying and antiseptic. It has significant effect on swelling and pain in the throat, sores in the mouth and tongue, and blindness and other diseases. The throat is the gateway to the lungs and stomach. If the lungs and stomach accumulate heat, fumigate the throat, cause swelling and pain in the throat. Borax can be used externally or internally to clear away heat and detoxify, reduce swelling and relieve pain. Oral sores are mostly caused by heat accumulation in the heart and spleen. Borax can relieve this heat evil and promote wound healing. As for blindness, it is mostly attacked by wind and heat. Borax can clear away heat and remove wind, and reduce blindness in the eyes. Many ophthalmic prescriptions in ancient times often used borax as medicine to achieve the purpose of reducing blindness in the eyes.
Third, borax can still be used to treat the accumulation of choking diaphragms. Although such applications are relatively rare, they are also recorded in some ancient medical records. The disease of choking diaphragm accumulation is mostly caused by qi stagnation and blood stasis, phlegm coagulation and food accumulation. Borax can be soft and firm, which can help dissipate the evil of accumulation.
However, borax is toxic, so be careful when using it. The dosage and usage should be determined by professional doctors according to factors such as illness and constitution, and must not be used at will to avoid the risk of poisoning.

The synthesis of valine and its dicarboxylic acid anhydride is quite exquisite. The ancient wise man, in the field of organic synthesis, tried his best to explore all kinds of wonderful methods.
To make valine and its dicarboxylic acid anhydride, often start with valine. First, the valine reacts with appropriate reagents to protect its specific functional groups. For example, an acylating reagent is combined with the amino group of the valine to temporarily inactivate the amino group and prevent it from changing for no reason in subsequent reactions.
Next, the protected valine meets the reagent that can introduce carboxyl groups. In this case, the nucleophilic substitution reaction with the protected valine can be carried out by using halogenated carboxylic acid esters under the catalysis of suitable bases. In this way, the carboxyl group can be added to the specific position of the valine.
After the carboxyl group is introduced, the group that previously protected the amino group needs to be carefully removed. This process requires mild conditions to avoid damage to the newly formed carboxyl group and other parts of the molecule. After deprotection, the valine derivative containing the dicarboxyl group is obtained.
Finally, the derivative is placed under the action of a dehydrating agent. Commonly used dehydrating agents, such as acetic anhydride, dicyclohexyl carbodiimide, etc. At an appropriate temperature and reaction time, the dicarboxyl groups are dehydrated and condensed to form valine and its dicarboxyl anhydride.
Although this synthesis method is complicated, each step needs to be carefully controlled. Temperature and humidity, reagent dosage, reaction time, etc. are all the keys to success. Only in this way can pure valine and its dicarboxyl anhydride be obtained.

In the storage and transportation of borax and its dihydrates, the following things should be paid attention to:
First, when storing, it should choose a cool, dry and well-ventilated place. Borax and its dihydrates are afraid of moisture. If placed in a humid place, it is very susceptible to moisture agglomeration, which will affect its quality and use efficiency. Therefore, the humidity of the storage environment should be strictly controlled, usually the relative humidity should not be higher than 60%. And it should be stored separately from acids, alkalis and easily oxidized substances, and must not be mixed in storage to prevent chemical reactions and deterioration.
Second, during transportation, ensure that the packaging is intact. The packaging of borax and its dihydrates must be tight to prevent damage due to bumps and collisions during transportation, resulting in material leakage. When handling, it should be handled with care, and it must not be loaded and unloaded brutally to avoid damage to the packaging. The means of transportation should also be kept clean and dry, and no substances that can react with borax and its dihydrates should be left.
Third, attention should be paid to safety protection. Although borax is less toxic, it should not come into direct contact with the skin and eyes. During storage and transportation operations, operators should wear appropriate protective equipment, such as gloves, goggles, etc. If they accidentally come into contact with the skin or eyes, they should immediately rinse with plenty of water and seek medical treatment in time.
Fourth, relevant regulations must be strictly followed. The storage and transportation of borax and its dihydrates must comply with relevant national and local laws, regulations and standards. Storage sites and transportation vehicles should comply with appropriate safety and environmental protection conditions, and relevant operators must possess the necessary professional knowledge and operating skills.

Today, there is a market for valine and its dianhydride, and everyone wants to know about it. The market for valine is affected by various factors, and it can be covered in one sentence.
Valine, an essential amino acid for humans, is widely used in multiple domains. In one way, it can be used in medicine to treat general diseases; in food, it can be added for food, which is beneficial to people's health. The amount of it is small, and the city is not good. If the year is rich, the supply is large and the demand is large, and the price may decline; if the sky is low and the population is low, the amount is low, and the supply is not high, and the demand must be high. Furthermore, technological innovation also affects it. If the new method can improve the efficiency and reduce the cost, it may also be effective.
As for valine dianhydride, its properties and uses are different from those of valine. It is often used in chemical synthesis, and it is an important raw material. Its market value is also affected by the cost of raw materials. If the raw materials are high, the quality of the product will be low. In terms of market demand, if the demand for it is strong in the industry, and the quantity is limited, it will rise; on the contrary, if the demand is small, it will rise.
Of course, the market of valine and its dianhydride is due to the intersection of supply and demand, cost, technology and other factors. If you want to know the quality, you must study the market.