PYRIDINE-2-CARBOXYLIC ACID HYDRAZIDE

For caramel, there are three main uses.
First, it is used for dietary therapy and health care. "Qianjin Yaofang" says: "Caramel has a sweet taste, mild temperature, and non-toxic. It mainly replenishes deficiency, quenches thirst and removes blood." Caramel is warm in nature, sweet in taste, and has the effect of nourishing the middle and nourishing qi, strengthening the spleen and stomach. People with weak spleen and stomach often feel tired and lack of appetite. Eating caramel can slow down and replenish deficiency, making the spleen and stomach healthy, and the biochemistry of qi and blood is active. And caramel can moisturize the lungs and relieve cough. For those with dry lungs and coughs, and dry throat and mouth, eating it can moisturize the lungs and relieve the symptoms of cough. For example, in traditional food remedies, caramel is used in combination with red dates and glutinous rice to make porridge, which can nourish the spleen and stomach, enhance physical fitness, and is especially suitable for old, weak, women and children.
Second, it adds color to cooking seasoning. In cooking, caramel has a wide range of uses. It can make food evenly colored and add luster. For example, in the production of roast duck, caramel is applied to the duck body. After roasting, the skin of the duck is red and bright, which is attractive to the appetite. And caramel can sweeten and freshen, enriching the taste of the dish. When marinating pickles, caramel is added to make the pickles taste more mellow, sweet and salty. In pastry making, caramel can adjust the toughness and humidity of the dough, making the pastry soft in texture and not damaged after long storage.
Third, the medicinal formula. In the field of traditional Chinese medicine, caramel is a commonly used medicinal material. It is often combined with other drugs to enhance the efficacy or reconcile the medicinal properties. Such as Xiaojianzhong Decoction, which uses caramel as its monarch medicine and is compatible with cinnamon branch, peony and other medicines. It has the effect of warming the middle and replenishing the deficiency, reconciling the middle and slowing the emergency. It is used to treat the symptoms of deficiency and cold in the middle and spleen and liver disharmony. Caramel in the prescription can not only replenish the middle and nourish qi, but also slow down and relieve pain, so that all medicines can work synergistically. Another example is Astragalus Jianzhong Decoction, which also uses caramel as an important component to enhance the power of warming the middle and replenishing qi, and is used to treat the acute symptoms of exhaustion.

Borax is a common mineral, and its physical properties are quite characteristic.
The color of borax is often white, colorless, or with a little light gray, light yellow, light blue, light green, just like the thin clouds in the sky, and like the water of spring, the color is elegant. Its shape is mostly crystalline, or granular, block-like aggregates, and the crystals often have regular shapes, like carefully carved treasures.
The luster of borax is as bright as glass, but it is more warm and soft, just like the warm winter sun falling on the glass, giving people a sense of comfort. Its transparency is mostly transparent to translucent, like a layer of light yarn, which can reveal the mystery of its interior, but also slightly hazy beauty.
When it comes to hardness, borax has a Mohs hardness of about 2-2.5. The texture is relatively soft. With a little force from the fingernails, it can leave marks on its surface, like imprints on soft soil. Its solution is also very complete. When stressed in a specific direction, it is easy to split into a smooth plane, just like a skilled craftsman cutting with a sharp blade.
The density of borax is small, about 1.69-1.72g/³ cm. When held in the hand, it is quite light, unlike many metal minerals. It is brittle and easy to break into small pieces when hit by external forces, just like delicate porcelain, which needs careful care.
In addition, borax has a certain degree of water absorption, remaining in the air for a long time, or it may change slightly due to the absorption of water vapor, just like a sponge absorbing water, presenting a different state.

Hydroxylamine ($NH_2OH $) is an inorganic substance with unique chemical properties and important uses in many fields.
Hydroxylamine is reductive and can react with many oxidants. For example, it can react with silver ions ($Ag ^ + $) to reduce silver ions to metallic silver ($Ag $), and itself is oxidized. This property makes it useful in the detection and separation of some metal ions.
At the same time, hydroxylamine is weakly basic and can weakly ionize hydroxide ions ($OH ^ - $) in aqueous solution. Because of the lone pair of electrons on the nitrogen atom, it can accept protons, thus showing alkalinity. However, compared with common strong bases, its alkalinity is weaker.
Hydroxylamines can react with carbonyl compounds (such as aldides and ketones) to form oximes. This reaction is crucial in organic synthesis and is often used to prepare organic compounds with specific structures, as well as for the identification of carbonyl compounds.
In addition, hydroxylamines also have certain significance in the field of biochemistry. In some chemical reactions in organisms, hydroxylamines can be used as substrates or participate in related metabolic processes. However, it should be noted that hydroxylamines and their salts are toxic, and safety procedures must be followed when using them to prevent harm to humans and the environment.

To make butyric acid butyl ester, the method is as follows:
The preparation of butyric acid butyrate is often made of butyric acid and butanol as raw materials through esterification. This reaction requires the help of a catalyst, and sulfuric acid is a commonly used catalyst.
In an appropriate reaction vessel, first insert butyric acid and butanol in a certain proportion. The ratio of the two is related to the effectiveness of the reaction and must be precisely prepared. Generally speaking, in order to make the reaction proceed in the direction of generating butyric acid butyrate, the amount of butanol can be slightly more than the theoretical amount.
Then, slowly add an appropriate amount of sulfuric acid. The amount of sulfuric acid should not be too much to avoid side reactions; it should not be too small, otherwise the catalytic effect will not be good. < Br >
During the reaction, it needs to be heated to maintain a suitable temperature. Generally, the temperature of this esterification reaction is between 100 and 120 degrees Celsius. During the heating process, pay attention to the constant temperature, which can be monitored in real time by a thermometer.
At the same time, in order to fully mix the reactants and promote the uniform progress of the reaction, it should be stirred. The rate of stirring should also be moderate, too fast or too slow, which may affect the reaction.
After the reaction is completed, the product is mixed with unreacted raw materials, catalysts and by-products. Therefore, a series of separation and purification steps are required. First, the sulfuric acid is removed by neutralization. An appropriate amount of sodium bicarbonate solution can be selected and added dropwise until no bubbles are generated, indicating that the sulfuric acid has been removed.
Next, the liquid separation funnel is used to separate the liquid to obtain the organic phase. The organic phase still contains a small amount of water, which can be dried with a desiccant such as anhydrous magnesium sulfate to remove water.
Finally, by distillation, the fraction with a specific boiling point range is collected, which is the pure butyrate. Through this method, the butyrate product can be obtained, but the conditions of each step in the preparation process need to be carefully controlled to obtain satisfactory results.

Borax is the crystallization of mineral borax refined. During storage and transportation, many matters need to be paid attention to.
First, moisture prevention is extremely critical. Borax has a certain degree of hygroscopicity. If the humidity in the storage environment is too high, it is easy to cause it to get wet and agglomerate, which not only affects the appearance, but also causes damage to its quality and performance. Therefore, borax should be stored in a dry and well-ventilated place, away from water sources and humid places, such as basements or near sinks.
Second, it is necessary to prevent it from coming into contact with acidic substances. Borax will chemically react in contact with acid, causing deterioration and loss of original efficacy. Therefore, when storing and transporting, do not place borax and acidic substances such as sulfuric acid and hydrochloric acid in the same space or container to avoid interaction.
Third, temperature control cannot be ignored. Although the chemical properties of borax are relatively stable, too high or too low temperature may still affect it. High temperature environment may cause borax to lose water and decompose, and low temperature may cause its crystallization morphology to change. Generally speaking, it is advisable to store it in a room temperature environment to avoid exposure to the sun and extreme cold.
Fourth, the packaging must be tight. Good packaging can effectively avoid contact with the external environment of borax, prevent moisture, pollution and other conditions. During transportation, it is necessary to ensure that the packaging is not damaged to prevent borax leakage.
Fifth, do a good job of marking. On the storage container and transportation packaging, the words "borax" and relevant warning information should be clearly marked, such as "moisture-proof" and "do not mix with acidic substances", so that relevant personnel know and follow the correct storage and transportation methods.
Only by paying attention to the above points during the storage and transportation of borax can we ensure that the quality of borax is not affected and it can play a normal role in subsequent applications.