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What are the chemical properties of Pyridine-2-carbonitrile?
Pyridine-2-formonitrile is a class of organic chemicals. It is active and has unique chemical characteristics.
This substance contains a cyanide group and a pyridine ring, which makes its reaction performance different. Cyanyl is often an active check point in nucleophilic substitution reactions. Due to the strong electronegativity of nitrogen atoms and the high density of cyanyl electron clouds, it is vulnerable to attack by electrophilic reagents. Under suitable conditions, cyanyl can be hydrolyzed to carboxyl groups or reduced to amine groups.
The pyridine ring also affects its chemical properties. Pyridine rings are aromatic, and the presence of nitrogen atoms makes the ring electron clouds unevenly distributed, showing electron deficiency. This property enables pyridine-2-formonitrile to participate in many electrophilic substitution reactions, and the reaction check point is mostly at a specific position in the pyridine ring.
And because its structure contains polar groups, pyridine-2-formonitrile exhibits a certain solubility in organic solvents, although the specific solubility varies depending on the properties of the solvent.
In the field of organic synthesis, pyridine-2-formonitrile is often used as a key intermediate. With ingenious design of the reaction path, it can be converted into a variety of higher-value organic compounds according to its chemical properties, which are widely used in pharmaceutical chemistry, materials science and other fields.
What are the common synthetic methods of Pyridine-2-carbonitrile?
Pyridine-2-carbonitrile, as well as organic compounds, has many common synthesis methods. Today is your description.
First, the method of using pyridine-2-carboxylic acid as the starting material. First, pyridine-2-carboxylic acid interacts with thionyl chloride, and the two are combined. The carboxyl group of pyridine-2-carboxylic acid can be converted into an acyl chloride to obtain pyridine-2-carboxylic chloride. Then pyridine-2-formyl chloride is reacted with sodium cyanide in a suitable solvent, and the acyl chloride group can be replaced by cyanyl group to obtain pyridine-2-formonitrile. In this process, the amount of thionyl chloride should be moderate, and the reaction temperature should be precisely controlled, otherwise the yield and purity of the product will be affected.
Second, start from 2-halopyridine. 2-halopyridine, such as 2-chloropyridine, 2-bromopyridine, etc., react with cuprous cyanide at high temperature and in the presence of ligands. Cuprous cyanide provides a cyanyl group, substituted halogen atoms, and can be used for the synthesis of pyridine-2-formonitrile. In this reaction, the choice of ligands is very important, which can promote the progress of the reaction and improve the rate and selectivity of the reaction. The high temperature conditions also need to be carefully controlled to avoid the occurrence of side reactions.
Third, the route of using pyridine as a raw material. Pyridine is first alkylated to introduce a suitable substituent, and then the substituent is converted into a cyano group under the action of a specific reagent. For example, pyridine and haloalkane are alkylated in the presence of a base to form 2-alkyl pyridine, and then treated with a suitable oxidizing agent and cyanide reagent, the alkyl group can be converted to cyanyl group, thereby obtaining pyridine-2-formonitrile. There are many steps in this route, and the control of the conditions of each step of the reaction is related to the obtain of the final product.
The above synthesis methods have their own advantages and disadvantages. In practical application, it is necessary to weigh and choose according to the availability of raw materials, reaction conditions, product purity and cost, etc., in order to achieve the best effect.
In what areas is Pyridine-2-carbonitrile applied?
Pyridine-2-formonitrile is used in various fields. It is used in the field of medicinal chemistry and is a key raw material for the synthesis of various drugs. For example, to create antibacterial and antiviral drugs, pyridine-2-formonitrile is often used as a starting material. After many delicate chemical reactions, it can construct a molecular structure with specific pharmacological activities and assist in the development of medicine.
It also has important uses in the field of materials science. It can be used to prepare special polymer materials. After ingenious polymerization, it is introduced into the main chain or side chain of the polymer to endow the material with unique properties, such as improving the heat resistance and chemical corrosion resistance of the material, so that the material can still retain good properties in harsh environments. It has made great contributions to high-end fields such as aerospace and electronics.
Furthermore, in the field of organic synthetic chemistry, pyridine-2-formonitrile is an excellent reaction intermediate. Due to the unique activity of nitrile groups and pyridine rings in the molecular structure, it can participate in various organic reactions, such as nucleophilic substitution, addition reactions, etc., providing an effective path for the synthesis of complex organic compounds, helping organic chemists to expand the types and structures of compounds, and promoting the progress of organic synthetic chemistry. In conclusion, pyridine-2-formonitrile plays an indispensable role in many fields such as medicine, materials, and organic synthesis, and its application contributes to the development of various fields.
What are the physical properties of Pyridine-2-carbonitrile?
Pyridine-2-formonitrile is one of the organic compounds. It has various physical properties, which are described as follows:
Looking at its properties, under room temperature and pressure, pyridine-2-formonitrile is in a colorless to light yellow liquid state. The appearance is clear and translucent, and there is no cloudy appearance. If you smell it, you can feel that it emits a weak special smell, which is not pungent and intolerable, but also has a unique smell, which can be identified by the sense of smell.
When it comes to the melting point, the melting point of pyridine-2-formonitrile is about -15 ° C, which means that when the temperature drops to this value and below, it will change from a liquid state to a solid state, and the intermolecular force will be enhanced, and the arrangement will be more orderly. The boiling point is about 209-210 ℃. When the temperature rises to the S value, the liquid absorbs enough energy, and the molecular motion intensifies, breaking free from the liquid phase and transforming into a gaseous state.
In terms of solubility, pyridine-2-formonitrile is soluble in many organic solvents, such as ethanol, ether, acetone, etc. In ethanol, the two molecules can interact with hydrogen bonds and mix uniformly. However, its solubility in water is relatively low, because the polarity of pyridine-2-formonitrile molecules does not match the polarity of water molecules very well, and the hydrogen bond network of water has limited acceptance.
On the density, the density of pyridine-2-formonitrile is about 1.09 g/cm ³, which is slightly heavier than that of water. If it is placed in the same container as water and left to stand, pyridine-2-formonitrile will sink to the bottom of the water because its unit volume mass is greater than that of water.
The physical properties of pyridine-2-formonitrile make it quite useful in organic synthesis and other fields. It can be a raw material or solvent for many chemical reactions, and is of great significance in chemical production and chemical research.
What are Pyridine-2-carbonitrile storage conditions?
Pyridine-2-formonitrile is one of the chemical substances. Its storage conditions are crucial, which is related to the stability and safety of the substance. This substance should be stored in a cool, dry and well-ventilated place. Cover a cool environment to avoid chemical reactions or decomposition due to excessive temperature; dry strips can avoid moisture and deterioration; well-ventilated, can dissipate harmful gases that may be generated to prevent accumulation and cause danger.
Furthermore, storage must be kept away from fire and heat sources. Both fire and heat sources can cause pyridine-2-formonitrile to reach the point of ignition, which can lead to the risk of combustion or even explosion. When storing, it should be stored separately from oxidants, acids, alkalis, etc., and must not be mixed. Oxidants, acids, and alkalis may all react violently with pyridine-2-formonitrile, causing accidents.
At the same time, the storage container must be tightly sealed. The effect of sealing is to prevent its volatilization and cause pollution to the environment and human damage; the second is to avoid its contact with oxygen, moisture and other components in the air, causing unnecessary reactions. And the storage area should be equipped with suitable materials to contain possible leaks to prevent the spread of pollutants during leakage, so as to facilitate timely cleaning and disposal and reduce damage hazards. Therefore, pyridine-2-formonitrile must be properly stored to ensure its quality and surrounding safety.