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What are the chemical properties of this substance?
The chemical properties of this substance are related to the characteristics it exhibits in chemical reactions. According to Guanfu's "Tiangong Kaiwu", although it is not detailed in today's chemical terms, it also contains clues about its chemical properties in the era of changes in various materials.
For example, in the genus of hardware, gold is the most soft in nature, and it is extremely difficult to combine with others. "Tiangong Kaiwu" says: "Where the gold is the heaviest, each copper square inch weighs one or two, according to its rules, the silver square inch weighs three coins; if the silver square inch weighs one or two, according to its rules, the inch weighs two coins." It is also said that "wherever the gold is soft, it can be bent like a branch willow. Its high and lower colors are divided into seven cyan, eight yellow, nine purple, and ten red. On the touchstone, you can see clearly. "This is all about the physical properties of gold, but its chemical properties are stable, and it is not easy to react with common acids and bases, which is also hidden in the text.
Copper is easier to react with other things than gold. For example, in the book, it is recorded that the mirror is cast:" Where the mirror is cast, gray sand is used for the mold, and tin is used for copper. "This is because tin and copper combine to form bronze, which changes its properties. Copper will also rust when left in the air for a long time. This is because of the reaction between copper and oxygen, water, and carbon dioxide in the air. Although the mechanism of this reaction is not detailed in the book, it is evident that copper is prone to change.
Another example is sulphur, "Where sulphur is combined with nitrate, then gunpowder becomes sound." This clearly states that sulphur and saltpeter can react violently to form gunpowder, which is an important chemical property of sulphur. Sulphur can combine with a variety of metals to form sulfides, which is also its characteristic.
Another example is lime, "All lime is refined by fire. After it is formed, it will never be damaged if it enters the water. Hundreds of millions of boats, hundreds of millions of walls, and the gap prevents adultery." Lime is calcium oxide, which is formed by calcining limestone. When it encounters water, it generates heat and turns into calcium hydroxide, which is an important chemical property of lime. The book describes its use for waterproofing boats and walls, depending on this property.
And so on, although "Tiangong Kaiwu" is not a chemical monograph, the changes and applications of the materials recorded in it all imply its chemical properties, leaving precious traces for future generations to explore ancient chemical knowledge.
What are the physical properties of this substance?
This substance has a variety of physical properties. Its color state is either crystal clear, like the dew that rolls on the lotus leaf in the morning, pure and bright; or it is warm and moist, like the ancient jade emitting a soft light. Its texture is either hard like iron stone, which can resist external impact without damage; or soft like cotton wool, which has a soft feeling when touched.
Looking at its density, or light like a feather, it can float up in the breeze, as if it is free to soar between heaven and earth; or heavy like lead, placed in the hand, it feels like it is falling, making people feel the weight of its contents.
When it comes to solubility, in some liquids, it can quietly disappear and merge with the liquid, just like salt dissolves in water, invisible but changing the properties of the liquid; in other liquids, it is like a stone, not affected by the liquid at all, maintaining its own independent form.
Its conductivity is also different. In some states, it is like a good conductor, and the current can pass smoothly, like the water of a river. In some conditions, it is like an insulator, and the current is difficult to pass through, as if building an indestructible barrier.
Heat conductivity is also diverse, sometimes like a winter heater, which can quickly transfer heat and cause the surrounding area to heat up rapidly; sometimes it is like a wall of insulation, which effectively blocks heat transfer and maintains the temperature difference between itself and the outside world.
In addition, its melting point is also different, or it can stick to high temperature for a long time, such as the iron in the steel furnace, which needs a very high temperature to melt; or when it encounters a little heat, it is like ice and snow seeing the warm sun and quickly turning into another state.
The complex and diverse physical properties of this material are like a colorful picture, slowly unfolding in the world, waiting for everyone to explore and discover.
What fields is this substance used in?
This substance has a wide range of uses and is found in various fields such as industry, agriculture, and medicine.
In the field of industry, it is mostly used in equipment manufacturing. Taking smelting as an example, this material can optimize the properties of metals, make the equipment made more tough and durable, operate stably in various complex working conditions, and improve the efficiency and quality of industrial production. In the chemical industry, it is often used as a key raw material. After delicate chemical processes, it is converted into a variety of chemical products, such as new synthetic materials, expanding the variety and application range of industrial products.
In agriculture, it can improve soil texture. If the soil is poor and compacted, appropriate application of this substance can loosen the soil, enhance its ability to retain water and fertilizer, create an excellent growth environment for crops, promote root expansion and nutrient absorption, help crops thrive, increase food production, and ensure people's livelihood.
The medical field also plays an important role. The manufacture of some medical equipment relies on the special properties of this substance, such as the key components of precision diagnostic instruments, whose stability and accuracy are related to the accuracy of disease diagnosis. And in the pharmaceutical sector, as an auxiliary material or participate in the synthesis of specific drugs, to ensure the quality and efficacy of drugs, and to contribute to the recovery of patients.
Furthermore, in the construction industry, it can enhance the strength and durability of building materials. In the construction of bridges, high-rise buildings and other large buildings, the addition of this material of concrete is stronger, can resist the erosion of years and the impact of natural forces, ensure the safety of building structures, and make urban buildings stand for a long time.
In summary, this material is indispensable in many fields, and its unique properties contribute to the development of various industries and promote the continuous progress of human society.
What is the method of synthesis of this substance?
The method of synthesizing a substance involves many considerations. This is described in the literary style of "Tiangong Kaiwu".
If you want to synthesize a substance, you must first clarify its properties and structure. Observe its characteristics. If it is gold or stone, you may need to calcine it at high temperature. In ancient times, if you want to get fine iron, you must base it on fine ore and place it in a furnace to blast to increase the fire. The furnace temperature needs to reach more than 1,000 degrees, and the ore can be melted and purified before iron can be obtained. In the process, the mastery of the heat is the key. If it is over-heated, the liquid iron will flow uncontrollably, and if it is under-heated, the ore will not melt and the iron will not be pure.
If it is made of grass or wood, or according to the method of cooking and fermentation. Such as making wine, choose the best grain, soak it to moisturize, steam it to cool. Then mix it with koji, put it in an urn, seal it for fermentation. Koji is an essential ingredient for fermentation, and the microorganisms it contains can convert the starch in the grain into alcohol. When fermenting, it is necessary to control the temperature and breathe moderately. If the temperature is too high, the wine is easy to rancid; if the ventilation is improper, the fermentation is difficult.
Furthermore, it is related to the synthesis of drugs. The ancients made pills and refined medicines, mostly with natural herbs. First wash and cut the medicines, and mix them according to the amount. Or fry, or boil, or refine them to make pills, powders, ointments, and pills. For example, to make a paste, the medicine is finely ground, fried in sesame oil, fried until the medicine is scorched, the residue is removed to take the oil, and then the lead pill is added to collect the paste. In this process, the amount of lead pill and the rise and fall of oil temperature must be accurate, otherwise the quality of the paste is different.
If it is a synthetic fabric or the like, take silk weaving as an example. Breeding silkworms to get cocoons, reeling silk as thread. The method of reeling silk is to place the cocoon in boiling water, draw its strands, and gather the strands into thread. Then meridian silk, warp, weaving and other processes. When weaving, according to the pattern of the fabric, shuttle leads, interweave warp and weft into cloth.
In short, to synthesize a product, it is necessary to choose the appropriate method, use good materials, and be skilled in operation according to its characteristics in order to obtain high-quality products. In each method, the selection of raw materials, the operation process, and environmental conditions are all factors that affect the quality of the synthesized product, and none of them are indispensable.
What are the reactions of this substance with other compounds?
The reaction of a substance with other compounds is the key to chemical change. From the perspective of "Tiangong Kaiwu", it should be discussed in terms of ancient knowledge and expressions.
All things in the world have their own characteristics, which determine the state of their reaction with other things. Such as metal things, common ones are gold, silver, copper, iron, etc. Iron is rigid and easy to react with water, air, etc. and rust. This is the combination of iron with oxygen and water, and gradually becomes rust, which is reddish brown in color. The book also mentions metal smelting, where ore and carbon are co-heated. Carbon is reductive and can reduce metals from their oxides. This is the reaction between metals and carbon.
Another example is acid and alkali. Although the theory of acid and alkali has not been accurately expressed in ancient times, it is still known that some substances have the properties of "acid" and "alkali". Plant ash dissolves in water, and its liquid is alkaline. If it encounters with acidic substances, or there are bubbles, or there is precipitation, it is a reaction. Such as vinegar, which is acidic, meets with alkali substances, or can be neutralized, changing the properties of both parties.
There are salts. When different salts meet, there may be a reaction. If the salt in brine is mixed with other salts, or due to the different solubility, there is a crystal precipitation, which is also one end of the reaction.
Although "Tiangong Kaiwu" is not explained by the detailed theory of modern chemistry, there are many records of the phenomenon of reactions between substances, from daily burning, brewing, to metal smelting, all of which can observe the interaction between things and produce new things. This is the insight and practice accumulation of the ancients on material reactions, and it is really enlightening in the development of chemistry in later generations.