gamma-aminopyridine

Gamma-hydroxybutyric acid has two main uses: first, it is used in the medical field as an anesthetic. This drug can cause patients to quickly enter the state of anesthesia, and in the scene of surgery, it can help patients relieve pain and ensure the smooth implementation of surgery. Although "Tiangong Kaiwu" does not specify the application of this substance in medical anesthesia, the means of anesthesia in medicine have existed in ancient times. Various drugs and methods have evolved with the times. Gamma-hydroxybutyric acid may also have its unique contribution in the development of medical anesthesia.
Second, because it can affect the central nervous system, it is addictive, and it is also coveted by criminals and turned into drugs. Those who violate the law take advantage of its characteristics that can make people feel happy and relaxed, lure others into contamination, and endanger public health and social stability. This evil behavior runs counter to the concept of harmony between man and nature and the proper development of craftsmanship advocated in "Tiangong Kaiwu". The book focuses on the good use of craftsmanship, aiming to benefit the country and the people, not to provide assistance for such actions that harm lives. Therefore, although γ-hydroxybutyric acid has medical uses, its drug properties are extremely harmful, and it must be strictly controlled to prevent it from flowing into illegal channels and causing chaos in the world.

Gamma-hydroxybutyric acid is rarely described in ancient books, and its physical properties are described in detail today.
Gamma-hydroxybutyric acid, at room temperature, is a colorless and odorless liquid, but there are also white powders or crystals. It is deliquescent and easily absorbs water vapor in the air. This substance can be miscible with water in any ratio, and can also be soluble in organic solvents such as ethanol and ether. This is because of the hydroxyl groups contained in its molecular structure, which makes it hydrophilic, and the organic groups make it soluble with organic solvents.
When it comes to the melting point, it is about 25 ° C, which is slightly higher than normal temperature. Therefore, it is easy to melt into a liquid state when it is slightly warm. The boiling point is about 205 ° C, and a higher temperature is required to make it boil and vaporize.
From the perspective of chemical properties, γ-hydroxybutyric acid is weakly acidic, because the hydroxyl group can weakly ionize hydrogen ions. Under certain conditions, it can undergo esterification reaction and form corresponding ester compounds with alcohols under acid catalysis, which is a common reaction path in organic synthesis. And because there are both hydroxyl and carboxyl groups in the molecule, under appropriate conditions, intramolecular dehydration can occur to form a lactone structure, which may affect its metabolism and related physiological effects in vivo.
However, it needs to be emphasized that although γ-hydroxybutyric acid has specific physical and chemical properties, it is a controlled psychotropic drug. It may have some uses in the medical field, but illegal abuse can cause serious damage to human health, such as loss of consciousness, respiratory depression, and even life-threatening. Therefore, its potential harm and legal control must not be ignored because of its ordinary nature.

The chemical properties of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid are not stable. This substance has unique properties, at room temperature and pressure, or in the form of a colorless and odorless liquid, like ordinary water, but its properties are hidden and dangerous.
Gamma-hydroxybutyric acid has a certain solubility and is soluble in water, which allows it to be quietly mixed into various beverages, which is difficult to distinguish. And its chemical structure, the combination of hydroxyl and butyric acid, makes it have a certain reactivity. Although it does not play a role in the event of an object, under specific conditions, if it encounters certain catalysts, or a specific temperature and pH environment, its molecular structure may change, and a chemical reaction occurs.
Furthermore, in terms of stability, its structure gradually changes in the air or due to slow interaction with oxygen. Although this change is not instantaneous, it cannot be ignored over time. And because it is quite sensitive to environmental factors, such as fluctuations in temperature and humidity, it may affect its chemical stability. And gamma-hydroxybutyric acid is a controlled psychotropic drug, because it has a significant impact on the human nervous system, it can cause serious consequences such as confusion and coma. Therefore, from the perspective of chemical properties and effects on the human body, it is by no means a stable ordinary substance. It needs to be treated with caution and strictly controlled to prevent it from flowing into illegal channels and endangering the well-being of society and the public.

To make gamma-hydroxybutyric acid, there are various methods, which are described in this text in imitation of "Tiangong Kaiwu".
First, start with butyrolactone, add water and a catalyst, and control the temperature. Butyrolactone, the genus of cyclic esters, is catalyzed by water, and the ring is opened to produce gamma-hydroxybutyric acid. Among them, the choice of catalyst is very important, either acid or base, the acid promotes protonation, and the base leads to nucleophilic. Temperature control is precise, low is slow, high is vice-biotic.
Second, acetaldehyde and ethylene are used as groups. First, ethylene is hydrated to obtain ethanol, which is oxidized to acetaldehyde. Then, acetaldehyde is condensed, reduced and acidified. During condensation, the alkali leads to the polymerization of acetaldehyde to form β-hydroxyaldehyde; after reduction, β-hydroxyalcohol is obtained; after acidification, the intramolecular rearrangement is obtained to obtain γ-hydroxybutyric acid. However, the various steps of reaction, the conditions are harsh, the condensation requires an appropriate amount of base, the reduction agent is precise, and the acidification control is appropriate.
Third, tetrahydrofuran is the beginning. Tetrahydrofuran is first halogenated, the halogen atom is introduced, and then hydrolyzed, the halogen atom is easily turned into a hydroxyl group, and then oxidized to adjust the structure to obtain γ-hydroxybutyric acid. When halogenating, the nature and amount of the halogenating agent, the temperature and time of hydrolysis are all related to the purity and amount of the product.
All these production methods, although the theory can be achieved, but in practice, the purity of the material, the control of conditions, and the removal of impurities are all difficult problems. And gamma-hydroxybutyric acid is a controlled product, which is involved in toxicity and danger, and cannot be controlled at will. When following the law, do not take risks.

When storing and transporting gamma-hydroxybutyric acid, many things should be paid attention to.
When storing, the first environment. It should be placed in a cool, dry and well-ventilated place. This is due to its special nature. If it is in a warm and humid environment, it is easy to deteriorate, damage its quality, and even cause danger. For example, on a hot summer day, if it is stored in a high temperature place, it may cause a chemical reaction, or there is a risk of leakage or explosion.
Furthermore, it must be isolated from other things. It should not be stored in one place with oxidants, acids, etc. It is important for safety that gamma-hydroxybutyric acid encounters it or reacts violently.
As for transportation, there are also many rules. First, the means of transportation must be clean, dry and free of leakage. If the transportation equipment is unclean, impurities remain or mixed with gamma-hydroxybutyric acid, causing its properties to change. Second, during transportation, it must be properly fixed to prevent it from dumping or colliding. Because the object is vibrated, hit, or cause danger. Third, transport personnel must be professionally trained to know its characteristics and emergency methods. In case of emergencies, it can be properly disposed of in time to avoid major disasters.
And during transportation, temperature and humidity must also be strictly monitored. If the temperature and humidity are too high or too low, it may affect the stability of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid. Only by paying attention to everything and taking care of every step of storage and transportation can we ensure its safety and avoid unexpected changes.