5-iodopyridine-2-carboxylic acid

Borax, its chemical properties are specific. Borax is a crystalline hydrate of sodium tetraborate, and its chemical formula is often $Na_2B_4O_7 · 10H_2O $.
Borax is white crystalline, soft and easily soluble in water. Its aqueous solution is alkaline, which is due to the hydrolysis reaction in water to form hydroxide ions. Borax will gradually dissociate in aqueous solution, showing a unique chemical behavior.
Borax has a certain stability. When it encounters strong acid, it will chemically react. Strong acid will interact with borate ions in borax to form boric acid. This reaction highlights the weak acid salt properties of borax. Boric acid is a weak acid and follows the chemical principle of strong acid to weak acid. < Br >
Borax also has a certain degree of reduction. In a specific redox reaction system, borax can give electrons, and its own oxidation reaction occurs, and the valence of boron may change. However, compared with common strong reducing agents, borax is less reducible, and it can only be significantly presented under specific reaction conditions.
Borax will gradually lose its crystalline water under heating conditions. As the temperature increases, the crystalline water is removed one by one, and finally anhydrous borax can be obtained. This dehydration process is accompanied by changes in physical properties, from the initial crystalline form to a powdery anhydrous substance.
Borax has applications in many fields, and its chemical properties lay the foundation for these applications. For example, in the metallurgical industry, the use of its fusibility is based on its chemical properties of reacting with metal oxides at high temperatures; in the chemical industry, it is also based on its ability to participate in a variety of chemical reactions. In short, the chemical properties of borax are rich and diverse, and in-depth investigation of it will help to better utilize this substance.

The use of borax is quite wide, and it is involved in all kinds of karma in ancient times.
First, in the art of alchemy, borax is a commonly used thing. Alchemists believe that borax has special properties and can help in the refining of medicinal pills. There are many records in the ancient alchemy scriptures. During alchemy, borax enters the cauldron, which can make all medicines combine, and its properties can adjust the temperature, so that the medicinal pills can be formed just right. For example, although the inner chapters of Baopuzi do not elaborate on the use of borax, it can be inferred from the theory of alchemy that borax has its function in regulating the fusion of medicinal stones and controlling the temperature.
Second, in the matter of metalworking, borax is also the key. For gold casting tools, borax can remove metal impurities. The craftsmen of ancient times made swords and cauldrons, often using borax into the furnace. It can make the metal solution purer and the quality of the utensils better. When casting swords, borax can help impurities in the iron float on the surface. After removal, the blade is more sharp and the sword body is stronger. Although there is no name of borax in Kaogong Ji, the method of metalworking tools can be deduced.
Third, in the way of medicine, borax also has wonderful uses. The ancient physicians used borax as medicine, which was cold in nature and could clear away heat and reduce phlegm, detoxify and prevent corrosion. " In the Compendium of Materia Medica, borax "treats scorched phlegm heat, produces body fluid, removes breath, eliminates obstruction, removes choking diaphragm and nausea, accumulates lumps and bruises, Yin Huang, bone choking sores and mouth and teeth diseases". When the throat is swollen and painful, borax is used as the end, blowing on the affected area can slow down the swelling and pain; oral erosion can also be treated with borax, which has the effect of disinfection and antiseptic.
Fourth, in the industry of printing and dyeing, borax can be used as a mordant. In ancient times, dyeing workers dyed cloth, borax can help dye better adhere to the fabric. The dyed cloth has a brighter color and does not fade for a long time. Although the ancient printing and dyeing classics did not record the specific use of borax in detail, with the principle of mordant dyeing, borax can promote the combination of dyes and fabrics.

The synthesis of butyric acid has been investigated by many families throughout the ages, and the method is also very complicated.
First, it can be obtained by the method of diethyl malonate. Diethyl malonate and halogenated alkyl are alkylated, then hydrolyzed and decarboxylated, and finally butyric acid is obtained. This is a classic method. Although the steps are complicated, the yield is still acceptable. First, under the catalysis of sodium alcohol, diethyl malonate meets the halogenated alkane, and the alkyl of the halogenated alkyl is then connected to the methylene of diethyl malonate to form an alkylation product. Next, the hydrolysis is promoted by acid or base to obtain a malonic acid derivative. Finally, after heating to decarboxylate, carbon dioxide escapes, and butyric acid is formed. < Br >
Second, with the help of Grignard's reagent method. Halogenated ethane is made into Grignard's reagent, and then added to carbon dioxide, the resulting product is hydrolyzed to produce butyric acid. First, halogenated ethane and magnesium chips are mixed in anhydrous ether to prepare Grignard's reagent, which is quite active. Then it interacts with carbon dioxide, and the carbonyl carbon in the carbon dioxide is connected to the carbon of Grignard's reagent to form carboxylate. Finally acidified, the carboxylate is turned into butyric acid.
Third, the fermentation method can also be used. Many microorganisms, such as some lactic acid bacteria, can use sugars as raw materials under specific conditions to synthesize butyric acid through metabolic processes. This is the way of biosynthesis, which is green and environmentally friendly. Microorganisms in a suitable medium, under the appropriate temperature, pH and other conditions, through complex biochemical reactions, carbohydrates and other substrates are gradually converted. Butyric acid is stored in the fermentation broth, and then separated and purified to obtain pure products.
Fourth, it is obtained by oxidation of n-butanol. Oxidation of n-butanol with appropriate oxidants, such as potassium dichromate-sulfuric acid solution, potassium permanganate, etc. The hydroxyl group of n-butanol first forms an aldehyde group. If the oxidation does not stop, the aldehyde group then forms a carboxyl group, and the butyric acid is formed. However, this process needs to control the degree of oxidation to prevent excessive oxidation from causing the product to be impure.
All these synthetic methods have their own advantages and disadvantages, and the user should use them according to their needs and measure the materials before they can be achieved.

At present, sucrose is in the market, and its price varies depending on the quality, land, and supply and demand.
High-quality sucrose, white and pure in color, sweet and positive in taste, mostly from high-quality cane sources, made by fine craftsmanship. In prosperous cities, the price per catty is about three dollars silver. This kind of sucrose is often used by wealthy families, either as exquisite snacks or as high-quality tea drinks. Its quality is high, so the price is high.
Medium sucrose, slightly darker in color, but also sweet in taste, and the production process is slightly inferior to the above. In general town markets, the price per catty is about two dollars silver. This sucrose is favored by ordinary merchants and well-off families, and is quite suitable for daily diet seasoning.
Low-grade cane sugar, mixed in color and impure in quality, although sweet but slightly mixed in taste. In rural markets, the price per catty is about one dollar of silver. Mostly for rural farmers' own use, or to add flavor to their crude diet.
Also, the distance of the origin is also related to its price. For those who are near the origin, the freight is saved, and the price may be slightly lower; for those who are far from the origin, the freight is heavy, and the price is slightly higher. And in the year of a good harvest of cane sugar, the market supply is abundant, and the price will also drop; if in a disaster year, the production is reduced and the supply is less, the price will rise. Therefore, the market price of cane sugar is not static, and it fluctuates with various factors.

Beside Liquan, there are many tiller buds, which are special in shape. They are used as medicine and have great efficacy. However, when storing and transporting tiller buds, many matters must not be ignored.
First, when storing, be sure to choose a dry, cool and ventilated place. If it is in a humid place, it is easy to cause mildew and rot, and the medicinal power is greatly reduced. For example, it is hidden in a terracotta urn and sealed tightly to prevent moisture from entering and damaging its quality. And it should not be mixed with other things, so as not to mix with odors and mess with its medicinal properties.
Second, be extra cautious during transportation. The package must be tight to avoid bumping damage. If it is transported by boat and truck, drive slowly and steadily during the journey to prevent it from bumping and tipping over. In the hot summer season, especially to prevent it from being heated, you can put ice on the side to lower its temperature; when it is cold, you need to avoid freezing and wrap it in felt wool to protect it.
Furthermore, when taking it, you should carefully observe the shape of the tiller buds. If the color changes, the taste is strange, or there is an appearance of insect-eaten, it is not available. The way of medicine is related to life, and you must not be sloppy at all. Only when stored properly and transported properly can the medicinal power of the tiller buds be preserved, and the power of healing and saving people can be manifested. Doctors use medicine like walking on thin ice in the abyss. The storage and transportation of the tiller buds should be kept in mind and should not be slack.