4-chloropyridine-2-carboxylate

Borax is an ancient mineral medicine with unique chemical properties. The main component of borax is sodium tetraborate ($Na_2B_4O_7\ cdot10H_2O $), which can be slowly weathered in air.
Borax is water-soluble and the dissolution process is quite wonderful. When borax meets water, its crystal structure gradually disintegrates, and sodium tetraborate is ionized into sodium ions ($Na ^ + $) and tetraborate ions ($B_4O_7 ^ {2 - }$）。 in hot water, borax has a higher solubility and dissolves more quickly.
Borax is alkaline in aqueous solution. This is due to the hydrolysis of tetraborate ions with water, which increases the concentration of hydroxide ions ($OH ^ - $) in the solution. The ionic equation for the hydrolysis reaction is roughly as follows: $B_4O_7 ^ {2 - } + 7H_2O\ rightleftharpoons 4H_3BO_3 + 2 OH ^ - $ 。
Borax also has certain reductivity. Under a specific chemical reaction environment, boron in borax can change its valence and lose electrons, showing the ability to reduce other substances. However, this reductivity is milder than some typical reducing agents.
Borax changes significantly under heating conditions. Its crystalline water will gradually lose, accompanied by changes in crystal morphology. Continue to heat, borax will further decompose, forming boron anhydride and other products.
The chemical properties of borax make it used in many fields. In ancient times, although people did not know its exact chemical principle, they also used it for metallurgy, alchemy and other activities based on experience. In modern times, borax is widely used in glass manufacturing, ceramic technology, medicine and other industries based on its water solubility, alkalinity and reductivity, which has a profound impact on human production and life.

Borax is a compound obtained from natural ore extraction. It has a wide range of uses and plays an important role in many fields.
In the field of medicine, borax has the effect of clearing away heat and detoxifying, reducing swelling and antiseptic. Traditional Chinese medicine often uses borax as medicine for the treatment of swollen throat, sores on the mouth, red eyebrows and other diseases. In surgical medicine, borax is often made into a powder and paste, which can be applied topically to the affected area to promote wound healing and reduce inflammation.
In the industrial field, borax is widely used in the field of glass manufacturing. Adding borax can reduce the melting point of glass, improve the thermal stability and chemical stability of glass, and make the glass more resistant to thermal shock and chemical attack. Borax is indispensable for the manufacture of high-grade optical glass and heat-resistant glassware. In ceramic production, borax can be used as a flux to reduce the firing temperature of ceramic bodies, while enhancing the hardness and gloss of ceramics, improving their quality and appearance.
In the food industry, borax has been used as a food additive to increase the toughness and brittleness of food, improve the water retention and shelf life of food. However, due to the harmful effects of borax on the human body, long-term ingestion or accumulative poisoning, its use as a food additive is now strictly prohibited.
In addition, in agriculture, borax can be used as a trace element fertilizer to supplement boron for plants, promote plant growth and development, and improve crop yield and quality. In some special chemical experiments and analysis processes, borax is also often used as a buffer and other reagents to maintain the stability of the pH of the reaction system.
In short, borax has various uses, but it must be used in accordance with relevant norms and safety guidelines, especially in the field of human health, it should be treated with caution.

The method of making borax is so wonderful that I will describe it in detail for you today.
One method can start by mining boron-magnesium ore. First take boron-magnesium ore, put it in a furnace with soda ash, and calcine it at high temperature. The boron-magnesium ore is heated, phase with soda ash, and produce borax and magnesium carbonate. After soaking it in water, the borax dissolves into water, and magnesium carbonate is insoluble. The two can be separated by filtration. The filtrate is concentrated and crystallized to obtain borax crystals. This process requires attention to the control of the heat. Too much or insufficient calcination affects the quality and quantity of the product.
The second method is based on borax ore powder. Mix the borax ore powder with the sodium hydroxide solution and stir the reaction. The substance contained in the borax ore powder interacts with sodium hydroxide to produce borax. After the reaction is completed, the solution is purified, its impurities are removed, and then concentrated and cooled. Borax crystallizes from the solution. Among them, the concentration of sodium hydroxide, the reaction time and temperature are all key, and subtle differences may cause very different results.
The third method is to prepare boric acid and soda ash. Measure an appropriate amount of boric acid, slowly add it to the soda ash solution, and stir while adding it to make the two fully react. Boric acid and soda ash combine to gradually produce borax. After that, according to the order of concentration, crystallization and drying, pure borax can be obtained. When operating, it is necessary to accurately grasp the ratio of boric acid and soda ash. If the ratio is improper, the yield and purity of borax will be affected.
There are also those who use boron-containing waste liquid as the source to produce borax. First, the waste liquid is treated to adjust its pH, so that the boron element can be precipitated in a suitable form. After a series of separation and purification methods, borax is finally obtained. This approach not only benefits the recovery of resources, but also reduces the harm of waste liquid to the environment. However, the treatment process is complicated and has high technical requirements.
All kinds of production methods have their own advantages and disadvantages. In practice, according to the availability of raw materials, the level of cost, and the difficulty of technology, we should choose carefully to produce borax efficiently to meet the needs of all parties.

"Tiangong Kaiwu" says: "Where nitrate is produced, all Huayi are born, and China specializes in the northwest. Its quality is born with the land, and there are two kinds of yellow and white." Saltpeter does have a variety of application prospects in different fields.
In the military field, saltpeter is the key ingredient of gunpowder. Ancient gunpowder is prepared in specific proportions of saltpeter, sulfur, and charcoal. For example, in the gunpowder formula recorded in the General Principles of Martial Arts, saltpeter accounts for a high proportion. Due to the decomposition of saltpeter by heat, it emits oxygen, which supports combustion and makes gunpowder more explosive. During wartime, gunpowder was used in firearms, such as flare guns, artillery, etc., which greatly changed the mode of warfare, making the era of cold weapons gradually transition to the era of firearms, enhancing the lethality and destructive power of weapons.
In alchemy and pharmaceuticals, saltpeter also Ancient alchemists believed that it had magical effects, and often combined it with many minerals and plants to make medicinal pills. Although some cognition is superstitious, it objectively promotes the development of ancient chemistry and pharmacology. Many pill prescriptions record the combination of saltpeter and other drugs, leaving valuable data for later pharmaceutical research. Some saltpeter-based medicinal pills have been improved for medical treatment, such as some drugs that clear heat and reduce fire, reduce swelling and detoxify.
In the industrial field, saltpeter plays a role in the metallurgical industry. It can be used as a flux to reduce the melting point of ores, help separate metals from ores, and improve smelting efficiency and metal purity. In glass manufacturing, it can improve the properties of glass, making it more transparent and strong.
To sum up, saltpeter has shown unique application prospects in different fields such as military, alchemy, pharmaceuticals, and industry, and has a profound impact on the development of human society.

In today's market, the price of borax varies from about 30 to 50 yuan per catty. However, the price also varies with time, place and quality.
Borax in the city has different sources, either mined in mines or manufactured in industry. Different sources have poor quality, and the price also changes. And the supply and demand of the city is also the main reason for the price. If there are many applicants and few suppliers, the price will inevitably increase; on the contrary, if the supply exceeds the demand, the price will drop.
Also, the price varies depending on the time. In a good year, the price of all goods is stable, and borax is no exception; in a bad year, everything is expensive, and the price of borax may also rise. And in the four places, the price is also different, the capital is large, the merchants are convergent, the circulation of goods is convenient, and the price may be relatively flat; and in remote areas, the transportation is difficult, the cost increases, and the price must be high.
Therefore, if you want to know the exact price of borax, you must carefully observe the supply and demand, quality and other conditions in the time and place, and cannot generalize.