3-Pyridinecarboxylic acid, 4-bromo-

Borax, also known as Pengsha, has unique chemical properties. Borax is a crystalline form of sodium borate, which is colorless and translucent crystal or white powder.
Borax is water-soluble. After dissolving in water, it will undergo a hydrolysis reaction, and its aqueous solution is alkaline. Due to the hydrolysis of borax, boric acid and hydroxide ions are produced, resulting in an increase in the alkalinity of the solution. This alkaline property can act as a neutralizing agent or buffer in many chemical reactions.
Borax has good stability and can be stored for a long time without significant change at room temperature and pressure. However, in high temperature environments, borax will lose water and then decompose to form boron oxide and other products.
Borax is also reducing. In certain chemical reactions, borax can provide electrons to make other substances undergo reduction reactions. For example, in the reaction with certain metal ions, borax can reduce metal ions to metal elementals.
In addition, borax can react with acids to form boric acid. This reaction reflects the salt properties of borax to a certain extent. At the same time, borax can also form complexes with a variety of metal ions, showing unique coordination chemical properties. These complexes have their specific uses in industry, scientific research and other fields.
The many chemical properties of borax make it widely used in metallurgy, glass, ceramics, medicine and many other industries, and play an important role in human production and life.

Borax is an important mineral traditional Chinese medicine, and its main uses are quite extensive.
Borax has the effect of clearing away heat and detoxifying in the field of medicine. It can be used for sores on the mouth and tongue, because it can clear away heat and reduce fire, and relieve the redness and pain of the oral mucosa. "Compendium of Materia Medica" says: "Borax is sweet, slightly salty, cold in nature, and non-toxic. It is used to relieve phlegm, stop coughing, and break the crux of the throat." In ancient times, borax was often used externally to treat swollen and painful throats. For swollen and painful throats, borax can play a role in clearing away heat and improving pharynx, making the throat unobstructed and relieving pain.
In industry, borax is also an extremely important raw material. In glass manufacturing, the addition of borax can improve the thermal stability and chemical stability of the glass, making the glass more durable, less prone to cracking due to temperature changes, and enhancing its corrosion resistance. In ceramic production, borax can reduce the melting point of ceramics, help the green body sinter at a lower temperature, and improve the luster and texture of ceramics, making ceramic products more beautiful and delicate.
In the field of food processing, borax has been improperly used to increase the toughness, brittleness and water retention of food. However, modern studies have shown that borax is toxic to a certain extent, and excessive intake can endanger human health. Therefore, it is now strictly prohibited to use it as a food additive. In the past, unscrupulous merchants added borax to noodles, yuba and other foods. Although it could make the food look and taste better, it seriously threatened people's health.
In short, although borax has various uses, it should be used with caution, especially in areas related to human health. It should follow scientific norms and make rational use of its characteristics.

There are many synthetic methods of boron-3-to-its carboxyl group, which have been explored by both ancient and modern scholars. The following are several common methods:
One is the carboxylation of halogenated hydrocarbons. Take halogenated hydrocarbons and metal magnesium to react in anhydrous ether to obtain Grignard's reagent, which has high activity. Then it reacts with carbon dioxide, and then hydrolyzes with acid to obtain the corresponding carboxylic acid. This process needs to be operated in an anhydrous and oxygen-free environment, because Grignard's reagent will react with water and oxygen. For example, take bromoethane as an example, first make ethylmagnesium bromide with magnesium, then react with carbon dioxide, and finally hydrolyze with hydrochloric acid to obtain propionic acid. The reaction is exquisite, like a craftsman carving utensils, and it needs to be precise step by step.
Second, the hydrolysis of nitrile. Select the appropriate halogenated hydrocarbons to react with sodium cyanide to form nitriles, which can be hydrolyzed under acid or alkali catalysis and can be converted into carboxylic acids. This method is relatively simple, but it is necessary to pay attention to the toxicity of cyanide, and the operation must be cautious. For example, benzyl chloride reacts with sodium cyanide to produce phenylacetonitrile, and phenylacetonitrile is hydrolyzed under alkaline conditions to eventually obtain phenylacetic acid. This process is like saving the danger and making useful acids from highly toxic substances.
Third, the synthesis of diethyl malonate. Diethyl malonate has special activity, and its methylene hydrogen can be replaced under The substituted product can be hydrolyzed and decarboxylated to form various carboxylic acids. For example, diethyl malonate is reacted with bromoethane, and butyric acid can be synthesized through a series of steps. This is like building a delicate pavilion, building a variety of carboxylic acids based on a specific structure.
Fourth, the Colbert-Schmidt reaction. For phenolic compounds, when reacted with carbon dioxide under alkaline conditions, a carboxyl group can be introduced at the ortho-position of the phenolic hydroxyl group. For example, phenol reacts with carbon dioxide in a sodium hydroxide solution at a certain pressure and temperature to obtain salicylic acid. This reaction opens up a path for phenolic-derived carboxylic acids, as if finding a way through nowhere. The synthesis methods of boron-3-to-carboxyl groups have evolved with the times and are constantly enriched and improved. Each contains the wisdom and exploration of predecessors, adding brilliant pearls to the treasure house of organic synthesis.

Mercury is a highly toxic substance, and boric acid is used in storage and transportation. Many matters need to be carefully described as follows:
For the storage of mercury, a strong and well-sealed container must be selected to prevent leakage. Because it is volatile and the vapor is highly toxic, the storage place must be well ventilated, the temperature should be kept stable, and it should be protected from high temperature and direct sunlight to prevent accelerated volatilization. At the same time, it should be kept away from fire sources, heat sources and oxidizing substances, because contact with some substances may cause violent reactions. And it needs to be stored separately, and it must not be mixed with other chemicals to avoid chemical reactions. The storage area must be clearly marked with the words "highly toxic substances, strictly prohibited from approaching" to remind everyone to be vigilant.
For the transportation of mercury, transportation personnel must have professional training and be familiar with the dangerous characteristics of mercury and emergency treatment methods. Transportation vehicles also need special protection to ensure tight sealing, and are equipped with anti-leakage devices and emergency treatment tools. Driving routes should avoid sensitive areas such as densely populated areas and water source reserves, and drive according to the designated route and time. During transportation, drivers and escorts should pay close attention to the state of mercury, and take immediate measures once any abnormalities are detected.
Boric acid should be stored in a dry, cool and ventilated warehouse to prevent moisture and rain. Because it is acidic, it should not be mixed with alkaline substances to prevent neutralization reactions. Boric acid of different purity and grades should be stored in categories for easy management and access, and should be marked, indicating the product name, specifications, production date and other information.
Boric acid transportation should ensure that the packaging is complete and firm to avoid damage during transportation. The means of transportation should be clean, dry, and free of other chemical residues to prevent pollution of boric acid. During transportation, attention should also be paid to rainproof and moisture-proof. In case of bad weather, protective measures should be taken in time.
In storage and transportation, safety is of paramount importance, and there must be no slack. It must be operated in strict accordance with regulations to ensure the safety of personnel and the environment from pollution.

Today, there is a market price range for borax and boric acid. I have carefully reviewed the classics and market conditions, and I can get the following.
Borax is an important chemical raw material with a wide range of uses. It is widely used in glass, ceramics, metallurgy and other industries. Its market price varies depending on quality, origin, supply and demand. Generally speaking, the price of industrial grade borax is about 4-8 yuan per kilogram. If it is pharmaceutical grade or high-purity borax, its price can range from 20-50 yuan per kilogram due to its high purity requirements and complicated preparation process.
As for boric acid, it is also a commonly used chemical and is used in chemical, pharmaceutical, agricultural and other fields. Ordinary industrial boric acid, the market price is roughly 5-10 yuan per kilogram. Boric acid used in high-end fields such as medicine and electronics, due to strict purity and quality requirements, the price per kilogram may reach 15-30 yuan.
However, the market price changes rapidly, and changes in supply and demand, changes in raw material costs, and the impact of policies and regulations can all make it fluctuate. To know the real-time and accurate price, you should study the market dynamics in detail, consult the industry merchants, or refer to professional industry information platforms to obtain accurate numbers.