3-pyridineacrylic acid

3-Aminobutyric acid, also known as gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), its main uses are as follows:
In the field of medicine, it can be used as a drug ingredient for the treatment of various diseases. Gain 3-aminobutyric acid has the effect of regulating the function of the nervous system, so it is often used to improve symptoms such as insomnia and anxiety. "The General Record of St. Francis" says: "People's restlessness and sleep are mostly due to the disturbance of their thoughts, and the mind is restless. 3-Aminobutyric acid can calm the mind and make the soul peaceful, and sleep is stable." Modern medical research has also shown that it can act on specific receptors on nerve cell membranes to regulate the release of neurotransmitters, thereby relieving mental stress, promoting sleep, and improving sleep quality. And for nervous system diseases such as epilepsy, it also has the power of adjuvant treatment, which can stabilize the excitability of nerve cells and reduce abnormal discharge.
In the food field, 3-aminobutyric acid is often added to functional foods. Because it has a certain effect of soothing emotions and relieving stress, the prepared food is very popular with people who pursue a healthy life. For example, Japan has long added it to beverages, pastries and other foods. Human food can relieve the pressure caused by daily work and life to a certain extent, and maintain physical and mental comfort.
In the agricultural field, 3-aminobutyric acid is also wonderful. It can be used as a plant growth regulator to promote plant growth and development. When applied to crops, it can enhance plant stress resistance, such as improving plant resistance to drought, salinity, low temperature and other adverse environments. Although "Qi Min Yao Shu" does not contain 3-aminobutyric acid, according to today's scientific view, its effect on crops can make the root system of crops developed, the stems and leaves are strong, just as Gu Nong's book said, "deep roots make leaves lush, and the roots make branches prosperous", and ultimately achieve the purpose of increasing crop yield and quality.

3-Hydroxybutyric acid is an organic compound. Although it did not have this precise title in the era of Tiangong Kaiwu, its physical properties can be observed as follows:
Its normal state at room temperature, or a colorless to light yellow liquid, has a certain viscosity. It is oily in appearance. Due to the fact that there are hydroxyl and carboxyl groups in its molecular structure, the intermolecular force causes it to take on such a form. Its smell is slightly special, not pungent, but there are other common things, and it is slightly sour, which is due to the characteristics of carboxyl groups.
3-Hydroxybutyric acid is soluble in water, just like salt melts in water, and the two can blend seamlessly. This is because the hydroxyl and carboxyl groups in the molecule are both hydrophilic groups, which can form hydrogen bonds with water molecules, so they can be evenly dispersed in water. And when it dissolves in water, the solution is weakly acidic. When tested with litmus paper, the test paper is slightly reddish, which is the evidence that the carboxyl group ionizes hydrogen ions.
When it comes to boiling point, it is relatively high. A higher temperature is required to make it boil into a gaseous state. Due to the existence of hydrogen bonds and van der Waals forces between molecules, it takes more energy to break free from each other and become gaseous, so the boiling point is not low. The melting point is relatively moderate. At a certain low temperature, it can solidify from liquid to solid state. When solid, the texture is soft, not as brittle as ice. < Br >
Its density is slightly higher than that of water. If it is placed in the same container as water and left to stand, it can be seen that it sinks to the bottom of the water. Due to the tight molecular structure, it contains more mass per unit volume than water, so it is denser. And under light, the surface of the liquid is slightly shiny, as if there is a layer of light covering it, which is quite unique.

3-Nonenoic acid is a kind of organic compound. It has the following chemical properties:
1. ** Acidic **: 3-Nonenoic acid contains a carboxyl group (-COOH), which makes it acidic. In water, hydrogen ions (H 🥰) can be weakly ionized, and its acidity is weaker than that of inorganic strong acids, but it is sufficient to neutralize with bases. If reacted with sodium hydroxide (NaOH), sodium 3-nonenoic acid can be formed with water. The chemical equation for the reaction is: $C_ {9} H_ {16} O_ {2} + NaOH\ rightarrow C_ {9} H_ {15} O_ {2} Na + H_ {2} O $.
2. ** Addition reaction **: Due to the storage of carbon-carbon double bonds in the molecule (C = C), 3-nonenoic acid can undergo an addition reaction. With hydrogen ($H_ {2} $) and catalysts (such as nickel, palladium, etc.), the carbon-carbon double bond can be added with hydrogen and converted into saturated 3-nonenoic acid. The chemical equation for this reaction is: $C_ {9} H_ {16} O_ {2} + H_ {2}\ xrightarrow [] {catalyst} C_ {9} H_ {18} O_ {2} $. In addition, it can also be added with halogens (such as bromine, $Br_ {2} $), the carbon-carbon double bond is opened, and the bromine atom is added to the carbon atom at both ends of the double bond to form the corresponding halogen.
3. ** Esterification **: The carboxyl group of 3-nonenoic acid can be esterified with alcohols (such as ethanol, $C_ {2} H_ {5} OH $) under the condition of concentrated sulfuric acid as a catalyst and heating to form esters and water. The chemical equation of this reaction is: $C_ {9} H_ {16} O_ {2} + C_ {2} H_ {5} OH\ underset {\ triangle} {\ overset {concentrated sulfuric acid} {\ rightleftharpoons}} C_ {11} H_ {20} O_ {2} + H_ {2} O $. The resulting esters often have a special aroma and may be used in the fragrance industry.
4. ** Oxidation reaction **: The carbon-carbon double bond is more active and easy to be oxidized. Strong oxidants (such as acidic potassium permanganate solution) can oxidize and break the carbon-carbon double bond in 3-nonenoic acid molecules, causing molecular structure changes to form smaller molecular compounds containing carboxyl groups. The carboxyl group is relatively stable under normal conditions, but under certain strong oxidation conditions, it may also be further oxidized to carbon dioxide and water.

The synthesis method of 3-nonenoic acid has been known in ancient times, and it is now detailed for you.
First, natural oils and fats are used as starting materials. Many vegetable oils, such as castor oil, contain specific fatty acid components. After saponification, the oil is hydrolyzed into fatty acid salts and glycerol. After acidification, fatty salts are converted into fatty acids. Castor oil fatty acids can be obtained by a series of reactions, such as high temperature cracking, isomerization, etc. The raw materials are naturally easy to obtain, but the process is complicated, multiple steps are required, and the product separation and purification are not easy.
Second, petrochemical products are used as starting materials. Using butadiene and acrylate as raw materials, through Diels-Alder reaction, specific cyclic compounds can be formed. This ring can be converted into 3-nonenoic acid through reaction steps such as hydrolysis and decarboxylation. The reaction conditions of this route are relatively mild, and the yield of the product is acceptable. However, the raw material is derived from petroleum, which is limited by petroleum resources, and some reactions require special catalysts, which is more expensive.
Third, biosynthesis. With the help of microorganisms, such as some bacteria or yeast, 3-nonenoic acid can be synthesized by using its metabolic pathway. Under suitable culture conditions, microorganisms can convert specific substrates into target products. This method is green and environmentally friendly, with mild conditions and sustainability. However, the microbial culture conditions are harsh, the product concentration is low, and subsequent separation is difficult.
The above methods have their own advantages and disadvantages. The raw materials of oil method are natural but the process is complex, the conditions of petrochemical method are good but the concentration is low according to petroleum, and the biological method is environmentally friendly. When synthesizing 3-nonenoic acid, the advantages and disadvantages should be weighed according to actual needs, and the most suitable method should be selected.

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