3-iodo-2-aminopyridine

The methods of synthesizing amino acids vary widely, each depending on the type of amino acid required.
One method is fermentation. Select microorganisms with special metabolic ability and raise them in a specific medium. Under suitable conditions such as temperature and pH, the microorganisms then metabolize and produce the target amino acid. For example, glutamic acid, which used to be made from wheat gluten and was obtained by acid hydrolysis. Today, the microbial fermentation method is often used, and Corynebacterium glutamate is selected. In a medium rich in carbon sources, nitrogen sources and other nutrients, the fermentation process is carefully regulated to produce glutamic acid efficiently. The beauty of this fermentation method is that the conditions are mild, the product purity is also high, and the raw materials are mostly common and the cost is relatively low. < Br >
The second is the chemical synthesis method. This is based on the principle of organic chemistry. Simple compounds are used as starting materials and many chemical reactions are used to construct the structure of amino acids. For example, halogenated acid, aldehyde, ketone and other compounds are used as starting materials to react with ammonia or nitrogen-containing compounds to form amino acids. Taking the reaction of α-halogenated acid and ammonia as an example, the halogen atom is replaced by an amino group to obtain the corresponding amino acid. However, although this method can synthesize a variety of amino acids, the reaction steps may be complicated, and the reaction conditions need to be precisely controlled, and the product may be a racemic body. To obtain a single configuration of amino acids, subsequent operations such as splitting are required.
The third is enzymatic synthesis. Using the high-efficiency catalytic properties of enzymes, amino acids are synthesized from specific substrates. Enzymes are highly specific and can catalyze specific reactions to precisely generate the required amino acids. If acyl-D and L-amino acids are used as substrates and acylated by acylase, L-amino acids can be obtained. Enzymatic reaction conditions are mild, strong specificity, and high product purity. However, the preparation of enzymes may be more complicated and the cost may be higher.
These methods of amino acid synthesis have their own advantages and disadvantages. In practical applications, the method used should be carefully selected according to specific needs, cost considerations, product purity and other factors to achieve the best synthesis effect.

Amine groups are the most important functional groups in chemistry, and their uses are recognized in many domains as described in "Tiangong":
First, the domain of. Amine groups are used in synthetic compounds to. Many molecules contain amine groups, such as anesthesia. "Tiangong" does not directly describe the use of amine groups in medicine. However, the manufacture of substances has been an important technology since ancient times. The properties of amine compounds can be used to improve the activity and solubility of whole compounds. For example, the ancients explored the effects of natural substances containing amine groups, and those containing amine groups in plants and foods were introduced, or the method of combining ingredients.
Second, the use of dyes. Amine dyes have been widely used. Amine groups can make dye molecules better combine with dyes and increase dyeing fastness. " The principle of amine-based dye is not mentioned in the description of dyeing technology in Tiangong Wuwu, but craftsmen may have used natural dyes containing amine groups, such as some vegetable dyes or containing amine-based functional groups, to help them fix on the materials and show rich color.
Third, it can be used as fertilizers. Some amine-containing compounds can be used as fertilizers. Amine groups can provide nitrogen sources for plant growth and promote plant health. In "Tiangong Wuwu", it is not clear that there are amine-containing fertilizers. However, ancient people may have used human and animal excrement, plant carcasses, etc. to leaven and grow fertilizer fields containing amine-containing nitrogen sources to increase soil fertility and help crops.
Fourth, synthetic materials. Amine groups play an important role in the synthesis of lipids, lipids and other materials. Such as polyamide (nylon), its synthesis requires amine-containing compounds. "Tiangong Wuwu" was used to synthesize materials in the past, but since ancient times, the huge force of amine-based materials in material synthesis has not been developed or followed this path, and more novel materials have been developed.

The amino group is active and has many specific physical properties in various compounds.
Looking at its polarity, the amino group has a significant polarity. The electronegativity of the nitrogen atom is quite large. When bonding with the hydrogen atom, the electron cloud is biased towards the nitrogen atom, causing the amino group to be polar. This polarity makes the compounds containing amino groups have a certain solubility in water. Such as common amines, small molecules of amines can be linked to water molecules by hydrogen bonds, so they are soluble. However, with the growth of the carbon chain, the non-polar part increases, and the solubility gradually decreases.
When it comes to the boiling point, the effect of amino groups is also affected. Because amino groups can form intermolecular hydrogen bonds, the intermolecular force is greatly increased. Taking ethylamine as an example, the boiling point of ethylamine is much higher than that of hydrocarbons with similar molecular weights. Hydrocarbons have only a weak van der Waals force, while the hydrogen bond between ethylamine molecules makes the molecule coagulate more tightly. To make it boil, more energy is required to overcome this force, so the boiling point rises.
Let's talk about its acidity and alkalinity, and the amino group is mainly alkaline. There are lone pairs of electrons on the nitrogen atom, which can capture protons from water to form ammonium ions. If ammonia dissolves in water, some ammonia molecules interact with water to form ammonium ions and hydroxide ions, and the solution is alkaline. However, when the amino group is connected to the electron-withdrawing group, the electron cloud density of the nitrogen atom decreases and the basicity is weakened; if it is connected to the electron-withdrawing group, the basicity is enhanced.
And look at its volatility. Compounds containing amino groups, the volatility varies depending on the specific structure. Small molecular amines, due to their small molecular weight and limited intermolecular hydrogen bonding, have strong volatility and can often smell pungent odor. Macromolecules contain amino compounds, or due to complex intermolecular forces, volatility is weak. The physical properties of
amino groups are of key significance in many fields such as organic synthesis and medicinal chemistry, affecting the preparation, separation and application of compounds.

Amine groups are very important functional groups in organic compounds, and their chemical properties are unique and rich.
Amine groups are basic. Because the nitrogen atom has an unshared electron pair, it can accept protons from acids or water molecules, thus showing alkalinity. Take methylamine as an example, it will react as follows in water: $CH_ {3} NH_ {2} + H_ {2} O\ rightleftharpoons CH_ {3} NH_ {3} ^ {+} + OH ^{-}$ ， It can be seen that amine compounds can make the solution alkaline and can react with acids to form salts.
Amine groups are also nucleophilic. Since the non-shared electron pair of nitrogen atoms is easy to provide electrons, amine groups are often used as nucleophiles to participate in many reactions. In the nucleophilic substitution reaction of halogenated hydrocarbons, amines can rely on their nucleophilicity, nitrogen atoms attack the carbon atoms of halogenated hydrocarbons, and halogen atoms leave, thereby generating new organic amine compounds.
Amine groups can participate in acylation reactions. When amines meet acylating reagents such as acyl halides and anhydrides, the nitrogen atoms of the amine groups will attack the carbon atoms of the acyl groups, and the halogen atoms or acid ions leave to form amide compounds. This reaction is extremely critical in organic synthesis and is often used in the preparation of organic compounds such as drugs and dyes.
In addition, amines are also expressed in oxidation-based reactions. Under certain conditions, amines can be oxidized to imines, oximes and other compounds, and even under the action of strong oxidants, nitrogen atoms can be further oxidized to form nitro compounds and other products.
Amine groups have diverse chemical properties and play a pivotal role in many fields such as organic synthesis, medicinal chemistry, and materials science. They have made great contributions to the development of chemical science and the progress of related industries.

Today I have a question, what is the price range of amino acids in the market? Let me try to describe it in ancient Chinese.
Amino acids are the most important ingredients in the biological body and are widely used in various physiological activities. The price range varies depending on various factors such as category, purity, supply and demand.
Common amino acids, if they are widely used and produced, their price may be relatively easy. For example, some general-purpose amino acids are commonly used in food, medicine, feed and other industries. Because of their large quantities, the price per catty may be between tens and hundreds of dollars.
However, if they are special amino acids, or those with difficult preparation and extremely high purity, their price will be high. Such amino acids, either used in high-end pharmaceutical research and development, or as raw materials for fine chemicals, can cost hundreds of dollars per catty, and even more than a thousand gold is unknown.
Looking at the market supply and demand, if there are many people seeking at a time, and there are few suppliers, the price will rise; on the contrary, if the supply exceeds the demand, the price will decline. And the origin, season, etc. may also be affected. Where the origin is far away, the cost of transportation will be added to the price; at different seasons, the output may change, which will also cause the price to fluctuate.
Because the price range of amino acids in the market can be as low as tens of dollars per catty, and as high as thousands of gold, it is difficult to hide it. It is necessary to carefully observe its category, purity and market conditions before deciding.