2-iodo-5-chloropyridine

Mercury is soft and agile, often in a liquid state, flowing like water, and shiny like silver. Ancient alchemists and alchemists mostly regarded it as a magical thing, and it was also described in "Tiangong Kaiwu".
Its quality is very heavy, and it is heavier than ordinary things. Although it is a metal, it is only in a liquid state at room temperature, which is completely different from solid metals such as iron, copper, gold, and silver. Its fluidity is excellent, it drops on utensils, rolls freely, gathers and disperses at will, as if it is spiritual.
Mercury has a certain volatility and gradually dissipates in the air, which is quite special. Its vapor is colorless and odorless, but it is toxic. If people inhale it for a long time, it will damage the viscera and hurt their minds.
Furthermore, the chemical properties of mercury are relatively active, and it can form amalgam with many metals. If it encounters gold, it can be combined with it, and the ancients often used this method to extract gold. Amalgam also has unique uses. In the ancient gold gilting process, amalgam was coated on the surface of utensils, and the mercury was evaporated after heating, while gold was left in utensils, achieving the effect of gorgeous gilt.
Mercury and sulfur are very easy to combine, and when they meet, they react quickly to form mercury sulfide. This characteristic was also often used in the ancient alchemy and pharmaceutical processes, and mercury sulfide was brightly colored. It can be used as a pigment, called cinnabar, and has many applications in calligraphy, painting, lacquer ware and other fields.
Mercury has these physical properties and has important uses in ancient industry, medicine, alchemy, and many other aspects. However, its toxicity should not be underestimated. When using it, be cautious.

Mercury, commonly known as mercury, is a liquid metal at room temperature, and its chemical properties are unique and fascinating.
Mercury is moderately active, in the order of metal activity, after hydrogen, so it cannot be replaced from the acid. However, it can react with oxidizing acids such as concentrated sulfuric acid, concentrated nitric acid, etc. Take the reaction with concentrated nitric acid as an example. Mercury coheats with concentrated nitric acid to form mercury nitrate, nitrogen dioxide and water, which is one end of mercury reduction.
Mercury can also react with some salt solutions. If mercury is placed in a silver nitrate solution, mercury can replace silver from the silver nitrate solution, because mercury has stronger metal activity than silver, and this reaction highlights the ability of mercury to participate in redox reactions in solution.
Mercury easily reacts with sulfur powder, and when the two meet at room temperature, they can quickly combine to form mercury sulfide. This property is of great significance, because mercury is toxic and volatile. Once mercury is sprinkled, it can be treated with sulfur powder to convert highly toxic mercury into relatively stable and low-toxic mercury sulfide, thus avoiding serious harm caused by mercury volatilization.
Mercury can form amalgams with various metals, which is a special chemical property of mercury. Such as sodium amalgams, zinc amalgams, etc., the formation process of amalgam is usually accompanied by changes in physical and chemical properties. Amalgam is widely used in metallurgy, dentistry and other fields. For example, in the past, silver amalgam was commonly used as a dental filling material in dentistry. Because amalgam has good plasticity and filling properties, it can maintain a certain strength after curing.

There are two main uses for mirages. The first is to confuse people's eyes and ears, and the second is to signal the climate.
Mirages are often shown as fantastical images. On the seaside or in the desert, they occasionally appear on the platform of the city, the scenery of the city, the carriage, the horse and the pedestrian, like a fairyland. This scene confuses everyone. In ancient times, business travelers and pedestrians encountered it, and they often thought it was true, or followed it, or feared it. In the past, there were fishermen, sailing on the sea, and seeing castles in the air in the distance, resplendent, suspected of being immortal palaces. They longed for it, and tried their best to row a boat to it, but when they got close, they disappeared, only to be known as mirages. There are also desert travelers, who are tired after a long journey, and suddenly see an oasis in front of them, with clear springs gurgling, and they are happy to run away, but they can't reach it in the end, only increasing their disappointment. These are all examples of mirages confusing people.
Furthermore, mirages are also related to climate omens. The ancients looked at the images of heaven and earth, summed up their experience, and found that the appearance of mirages is related to changes in wind and rain. If a mirage appears on the sea, and the scene is clear and colorful, it may indicate that the weather will change from sunny to rainy. Because the formation of mirages is related to light refraction and changes in air density, and these factors are also closely related to changes in weather. When the air humidity increases, the water vapor increases, and the mirages are suitable, it is often the time when the rain Therefore, mirages can be one of the aids for the ancients to predict weather changes. Although they are not completely accurate, they are also a reference for life and travel.
From this, it can be seen that the use of mirages can either make people fascinated by illusions or help to perceive the climate. It has its unique significance in the life and cognition of the ancients.

The combination of mercury has been studied by ancient alchemists and Dan families, and there are many methods.
One is the method of burning and refining Dan sand. In the case of Dan sand, mercury sulfide is also. "Baopuzi Inner Chapter" says: "Dan sand is burned into mercury, and the accumulation changes into Dan sand." Take Dan sand and place it in a closed cauldron, calcined with charcoal fire, the Dan sand is decomposed by heat, the sulfur combines with oxygen to escape sulfur dioxide, and the mercury is retained in the form of steam, and condensed into liquid mercury when cold. This is a method commonly used by the ancients, and the operation should be cautious, because both mercury and sulfur dioxide are toxic.
The second is the lead amalgam method. Lead and mercury can form an alloy, called lead amalgam. Lead is used as a medium and is co-refined with mercury-containing ores. At high temperatures, lead is active and easy to react with other impurities, and mercury is also integrated into lead. After the difference in boiling points between mercury and lead is used to heat lead amalgam, mercury is first vaporized and separated, and mercury can be obtained after condensation.
The third is the method of combining gallalum and mercury. Gallalum, copper sulfate pentahydrate is also. Reacting with mercury and gallalum solution, mercury can replace copper, because the metal activity of mercury is stronger than that of copper. However, this reaction rate is slow, and the amount of mercury is large, which is not a good method for efficient production of mercury.
The fourth is the method of co-refining cinnabar with saltpeter and yellow alum. Cinnabar is dansard, which is mixed with saltpeter and yellow alum in a certain proportion, and is smelted in a special stove. Saltpeter can provide oxygen to promote the decomposition of cinnabar, and yellow alum also participates in the reaction to help the precipitation of mercury. This process requires precise control of the ratio of heat and raw materials to increase the yield of mercury.
The various methods of mercury synthesis reflect the exploration of the ancients in the field of chemistry. However, there are many risks in this method. Today's chemical industry has adopted more scientific, safe and efficient means to produce mercury.

When storing and transporting mercury, there are many things that should not be done carelessly.
When storing mercury, the first heavy container should be chosen. It must be strong and well sealed to prevent the leakage of mercury. The fluidity of the cover mercury is very strong, and it is easy to escape if there is a slight gap. In the past, if there was an accident, the mercury overflowed on the ground and was instantly scattered, making it difficult to collect, and its volatile gas is extremely toxic, and if inhaled, it will hurt people's organs and mind. Therefore, the container should be made of thick metal or special glass utensils to ensure that it is tight and seamless.
Furthermore, the storage place should be cool and dry, protected from heat and light. Mercury evaporates easily when heated, and the higher the temperature, the faster the evaporation. If it is placed under the hot sun or in a warm place, the mercury gas will spread and the disaster will come. And in a dry environment, it can prevent the chemical reaction between mercury and water vapor, causing its properties to change, and also prevent the container from rusting and affecting the seal.
As for the transportation of mercury, the packaging must be solid and reliable. Not only should the container be well sealed, but the outer layer should be wrapped with cushioning materials, such as thick cotton, cork, etc., to prevent the container from breaking due to collision during transportation. Escorts must be familiar with the characteristics and hazards of mercury, and always have protective equipment, such as gas masks, rubber gloves, etc. And when driving, it is best to drive smoothly and slowly to avoid sudden braking and severe turbulence.
Stop on the way, and also need to choose a safe place, away from crowds and water sources. If there is an unfortunate leakage of mercury, cover it with sulfur powder as soon as possible. Mercury and sulfur are easily combined into mercury sulfide, which greatly reduces toxicity, and then properly cleaned up without leaving any hidden dangers. In this way, the safety of storage and transportation of mercury can be guaranteed, and major disasters can be avoided.